Small states must adapt their economic diplomacy strategies post-COVID-19 to counter the pandemic's economic impact, including rising debt, inequality, and disrupted supply chains. Options include protectionism or growth through fiscal policies, with internal coordination to enhance competitiveness crucial for success. Building alliances with like-minded states and utilizing economic statecraft are recommended. Small states, due to their agility, can establish informal networks to pursue shared economic goals. Diplomats play a vital role in driving economic success through effective economic diplomacy strategies, contributing to increased exports, foreign investment, and global reputation.

China's foreign policy under Xi Jinping has shifted to a more assertive stance, displaying proactive behavior with a focus on economic reforms and strategic international relations. The country's approach is nuanced, balancing assertiveness in some situations with a more cautious and tactful approach in others. China's military spending is focused on modern warfare tactics and strategic partnerships rather than excessive investment in traditional military buildup. As a rising great power, China navigates a complex global environment, aiming to defend its interests while avoiding open conflict with potential competitors.

The US addresses both online and offline threats to critical infrastructure by defining and protecting vital systems and assets from criminal activities, with laws covering computer crimes and physical breaches. Measures are outlined in the Presidential Policy Directive on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience. The US has also adopted the CLOUD Act to address cross-border challenges. Prevention, awareness-raising, and enforcement efforts aim to safeguard critical infrastructure and prosecute offenders. Coordination with other countries is essential for investigations involving foreign actors.