AI and international peace and security: Key issues and relevance for Geneva

AI’s role in the military domain has become an increasingly important area of focus, as technology advances and military strategies evolve. Its impact in conflict dynamics, its benefits and risks in military applications, and the principles necessary for its responsible uses remain key concerns for the international community. 

In 2024, the global conversation on AI and international peace and security has gained momentum with several major milestones. At the UN level, the Pact for the Future outlined a commitment by member states to assess the risks associated with the military applications of AI and the possible opportunities throughout their life cycle. Furthermore, the 79th session of the UN General Assembly adopted the first resolution on AI in the military domain, which also encouraged member states to convene exchanges on the responsible application of AI in the military field.

Outside of the UN system, multistakeholder initiatives such as the Responsible AI in the Military domain (REAIM) conference look at ensuring that military AI applications are developed, deployed, and used responsibly. The second REAIM Summit in 2024, for instance, saw the adoption of a Blueprint for Action signed by 63 countries. Looking ahead, the UN Secretary-General will prepare a report on AI’s opportunities and challenges for international peace and security, and international initiatives such as the UNIDIR Global Conference on AI, Security, and Ethics (March 2025) and the third REAIM Summit in Spain later in the year will further shape discussions.

Introduction
Responsible AI in the military domain encompasses the ethical, legal, and operational frameworks that ensure AI technologies are developed, deployed, and utilized in ways that align with international law, humanitarian principles, and accountability standards. This concept is crucial for mitigating risks while harnessing AI’s potential benefits in military applications.

Key Facets of Responsible AI
The UNGA Resolution 79/239 and various reports outline several vital components that constitute responsible AI in the military domain:

• Preservation of the Human Element: Ensuring that human judgment, oversight, and control are maintained over AI systems, particularly in critical military functions.
• Compliance with International Law: Adhering to humanitarian law, which includes the protection of civilians and the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution in military operations.
• Lifecycle Accountability: Maintaining accountability throughout the entire lifecycle of AI technologies, from design and development to deployment and decommissioning.
• Risk Identification and Mitigation: Proactively addressing risks associated with AI, such as algorithmic bias, dual-use technologies, and security vulnerabilities.
• Promotion of Ethics and Equity: Ensuring fairness, transparency, and inclusivity in AI systems while respecting human rights.
• Capacity Building: Supporting education and regional dialogue to bridge technological divides and enhance understanding of responsible AI practices.

(See Figure 1 on page 19 of the UNIDIR report for a visual summary of these facets.)

Operational Priorities
To operationalize responsible AI, several priorities have been identified:

• Human-Machine Teaming: Commanders must retain ultimate accountability, even when AI assists in decision-making processes such as target selection.
• Training and Sensitization: Developers and end-users need to understand the capabilities and limitations of AI to prevent misuse and ensure effective deployment.
• Multi-Stakeholder Engagement: Collaboration among governments, industry, and civil society is essential to align technical and policy efforts for responsible AI use.

Challenges and Divergences
While there is a consensus on the importance of responsible AI, challenges remain, including:

• Governance Models: Disagreements exist on whether new treaties are necessary or if existing laws can be adapted to govern military AI.
• Risk Tolerance: Balancing the operational advantages of AI against ethical risks, such as algorithmic bias and potential humanitarian impacts.

Conclusion
Responsible AI in the military domain is about balancing innovation with safeguards to ensure compliance with international norms, human oversight, and equitable outcomes. Ongoing multilateral dialogue, as emphasiz

Introduction
The vision for responsible AI in the military domain revolves around ensuring that AI technologies are developed, deployed, and used in a manner that aligns with ethical standards, legal frameworks, and humanitarian principles. This vision is crucial for mitigating risks while maximizing the benefits of AI in military applications. Translating these principles into concrete actions is essential for effective governance and operationalization.

Key Principles Contributing to the Vision of Responsible AI
Based on the UNGA Resolution 79/239 and related documents, the following principles are vital for fostering responsible AI in the military domain:

1. Preservation of the Human Element:
   Ensuring that human judgment and oversight remain integral to AI systems, particularly in critical military functions. This principle emphasizes accountability and the importance of human decision-making in the use of force.
2. Compliance with International Law:
   Adhering to international humanitarian law and human rights law, which includes the protection of civilians and adherence to principles such as distinction, proportionality, and precaution in military operations.
3. Lifecycle Accountability:
   Maintaining accountability throughout the entire lifecycle of AI technologies—from design and development to deployment and decommissioning. This principle ensures continuous evaluation and responsibility for AI systems.
4. Risk Identification and Mitigation:
   Proactively identifying and addressing risks associated with AI, including algorithmic bias, dual-use technologies, and security vulnerabilities. This principle is crucial for preventing unintended consequences of AI applications.
5. Promotion of Ethics, Equity, and Human Rights:
   Ensuring fairness, transparency, and inclusivity in AI systems, while respecting human rights. This principle advocates for equitable outcomes and the avoidance of discrimination in AI applications.
6. Capacity Building and Information Exchange:
   Supporting education and regional dialogue to bridge technological divides and enhance understanding of responsible AI practices. This principle emphasizes the need for collaboration among states and stakeholders.

(Refer to UNGA Resolution 79/239 and related reports for detailed discussions on these principles.)

Translating Principles into Meaningful Actions
To effectively translate these principles into concrete actions, the following steps can be taken:

1. Establish Formal Frameworks for Collaboration:
   Create platforms for regular exchanges among states, academia, civil society, and the private sector to share knowledge, best practices, and lessons learned regarding responsible AI applications in the military.
2. Develop Comprehensive Training Programs:
   Implement standardized training and certification programs for military personnel and AI developers to ensure they understand the ethical, legal, and operational implications of AI technologies.
3. Implement Robust Governance Structures:
   Establish governance frameworks that outline roles and responsibilities for stakeholders involved in AI development and deployment, ensuring that these frameworks are adaptable to evolving technologies.
4. Conduct Ongoing Risk Assessments:
   Regularly assess the risks associated with AI applications in military contexts, including ethical implications, humanitarian impacts, and potential biases in AI systems.
5. Promote Multilateral Dialogue:
   Encourage ongoing discussions at international forums, such as the United Nations, to address challenges and opportunities related to AI in the military domain, ensuring that diverse perspectives are considered.
6. Foster Research and Innovation:
   Invest in research initiatives that explore underexplored areas related to AI governance, such as data governance, dual-use technologies, and the implications of AI on human and environmental security.

Conclusion
The vision for responsible AI in the military domain is supported by key principles that guide ethical and accountable practices. By translating these principles into actionable steps, states and stakeholders can ensure that AI technologies are developed and used in ways that align with international norms, enhance security, and protect human rights. Ongoing collaboration and dialogue are essential for achieving these goals.

The application of international law in the military domain, particularly concerning the development, acquisition, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence (AI), is essential for ensuring that military operations adhere to established legal frameworks. This application seeks to uphold humanitarian principles, protect civilian lives, and maintain accountability within military operations.

Practical Implications of International Law in the Military Domain
The application of international law in military contexts encompasses several key aspects:

1. Compliance with Humanitarian Law:
   Military operations must adhere to international humanitarian law (IHL), which includes principles like distinction (differentiating between combatants and civilians), proportionality (ensuring military actions are proportional to the military advantage gained), and precaution (taking all feasible precautions to minimize harm to civilians). This requires that AI systems used in military operations are designed to comply with these principles from the outset.
2. Lifecycle Accountability:
   The entire lifecycle of AI technologies—from design and development to deployment and decommissioning—must be scrutinized for compliance with international law. This involves integrating legal considerations during the early stages of AI development, ensuring that procurement processes reflect these legal obligations, and establishing mechanisms for accountability throughout the lifecycle (see page 20 of the UNIDIR report).
3. Monitoring and Enforcement Mechanisms:
   There is a need for realistic monitoring and enforcement mechanisms that can ensure compliance with international law during military operations involving AI. This includes maintaining human oversight and control over AI systems, particularly in critical decision-making processes (see page 21 of the UNIDIR report).
4. Addressing Non-State Actors:
   The growing use of AI by non-state armed groups raises significant legal questions regarding accountability and compliance with international law. States must consider how to hold these groups accountable and ensure that their actions are in line with international legal standards (see page 32 of the UNIDIR report).

Ensuring Compliance with International Law in AI Development and Use
To ensure compliance with international law in the military domain, the following steps can be taken:

1. Establish Clear Legal Frameworks:
   States should develop comprehensive legal frameworks that outline the obligations and responsibilities associated with the development and use of AI in military contexts. This includes translating international law into technical requirements for AI systems.
2. Implement Training and Education Programs:
   Training programs for military personnel and AI developers should emphasize the importance of international law and ethics in military operations. This will help ensure that those involved in AI development and deployment understand their legal obligations (see page 30 of the UNIDIR report).
3. Promote Multilateral Cooperation:
   International collaboration is crucial for sharing best practices and lessons learned regarding AI compliance with international law. Regular exchanges among states, civil society, and the private sector can facilitate knowledge sharing and foster a collective approach to responsible AI governance.
4. Conduct Regular Risk Assessments:
   Ongoing assessments of the risks associated with AI applications in military contexts should be conducted to identify potential legal and ethical implications. This proactive approach can help mitigate risks before they manifest in operational settings.
5. Develop Guidance and Best Practices:
   States should create guidance documents that outline best practices for legal compliance in AI application within the military domain, especially for those with limited resources. These documents can provide a roadmap for ensuring adherence to international law (see page 21 of the UNIDIR report).

Conclusion
The application of international law in the military domain, particularly concerning AI, is pivotal for maintaining accountability, protecting civilians, and upholding humanitarian principles. By establishing robust legal frameworks, implementing comprehensive training programs, promoting multilateral cooperation, conducting regular risk assessments, and developing guidance documents, states can ensure compliance with international law throughout the lifecycle of AI technologies in military contexts.

The advancement of responsible AI in the military domain involves a collaborative effort among various actors, including member states, the private sector, civil society, and international organizations. Each of these stakeholders has distinct roles and responsibilities that contribute to the ethical development, deployment, and use of AI technologies in military contexts.

Roles and Responsibilities of Various Actors

1. Member States: Member states have a crucial role in advancing responsible AI in the military domain by ensuring compliance with international humanitarian law and human rights law throughout the AI technology lifecycle. They are responsible for establishing legal frameworks and governance structures that promote ethical practices and accountability in AI deployment. Furthermore, states should engage in multi-stakeholder dialogues to share knowledge and best practices, fostering regional cooperation and capacity-building initiatives to address the unique challenges posed by AI technologies in military applications.
2. Private Sector: The private sector, particularly technology companies, must prioritize ethical considerations in the development of AI systems for military use. Companies should ensure that their products comply with legal obligations and ethical standards, as their technologies can directly impact military operations and humanitarian outcomes. Additionally, the private sector should actively participate in governance discussions, providing technical expertise and insights to shape responsible AI practices. Establishing partnerships with states and civil society can enhance transparency and accountability in the development and deployment of military AI systems.
3. Civil Society and Academia: Civil society organizations and academic institutions play a vital role in advocating for responsible AI in the military domain by raising awareness of the ethical, legal, and humanitarian implications of AI technologies. They can contribute to the development of ethical frameworks and guidelines, ensuring diverse perspectives are considered in policy-making processes. Furthermore, these actors can engage in research and capacity-building initiatives that promote understanding of AI technologies and their potential risks, fostering informed public discourse and encouraging accountability from both states and industries.
4. International Organizations: International organizations, such as the United Nations, are essential for facilitating global dialogue and cooperation on responsible AI in the military domain. They can provide platforms for member states and other stakeholders to share best practices, develop normative frameworks, and address the challenges posed by AI technologies. By promoting inclusive discussions and capacity-building efforts, international organizations can help bridge the digital divide and ensure that all states, particularly developing ones, can responsibly harness AI for military applications while upholding international law and humanitarian principles

Conclusion
The advancement of responsible AI in the military domain requires a collaborative effort among member states, the private sector, civil society, and international organizations. Each actor has specific roles and responsibilities that contribute to ensuring that AI technologies are developed and used in ways that comply with international law, uphold humanitarian principles, and promote ethical standards. Ongoing dialogue and cooperation are essential for fostering a secure and responsible AI landscape in military applications.

Enhancing international cooperation on the responsible use of AI in the military domain is crucial for ensuring that AI technologies are developed and deployed in a manner that adheres to international law and ethical standards. This cooperation must occur at both intergovernmental and multistakeholder levels, involving a diverse array of actors, including states, private sectors, civil society, and international organizations.

Strategies for Enhancing International Cooperation

1. Establishing Multilateral Frameworks: To enhance international cooperation on the responsible use of AI in the military domain, establishing multilateral frameworks is essential. These frameworks can provide a platform for member states to agree on common norms, standards, and principles that govern the development and deployment of military AI technologies. Such frameworks should facilitate dialogue among states, allowing for the exchange of best practices and the harmonization of legal and ethical standards across regions. This approach can help ensure that all states, regardless of their technological capabilities, adhere to shared responsibilities and accountability in the military use of AI.
2. Promoting Capacity-Building Initiatives: Capacity-building initiatives are crucial for fostering responsible AI practices in the military domain. These initiatives should focus on enhancing technical literacy and expertise among military personnel and policymakers. By investing in education and training programs, states can ensure that their armed forces are equipped to understand and manage AI technologies effectively. Furthermore, regional cooperation can be promoted through joint training exercises and workshops, allowing countries to share resources and knowledge, ultimately leading to more robust and responsible AI governance
3. Facilitating Knowledge Sharing: Facilitating knowledge sharing among states and stakeholders is vital for advancing responsible AI in the military domain. This can be achieved through the establishment of formalized processes and platforms for information exchange, where best practices, lessons learned, and technical insights can be discussed. Regularly convened forums and workshops can help bridge the gap between different stakeholders, including military officials, technologists, and legal experts, fostering a comprehensive understanding of AI’s implications and promoting responsible use.
4. Encouraging Cross-Sectoral Engagement: Encouraging cross-sectoral engagement is essential for addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by military AI. By involving diverse stakeholders, including industry, civil society, and academia, states can benefit from a wider range of perspectives and expertise. Multi-stakeholder dialogues can help translate ethical considerations into technical requirements, ensuring that AI systems are developed with compliance in mind. Such engagements can also foster collaborative efforts to mitigate risks associated with AI technologies and promote shared accountability for their use in military contexts.
5. Building Regional Cooperation Mechanisms: Building regional cooperation mechanisms can significantly enhance the responsible use of AI in the military domain. States should focus on establishing regional working groups that address specific challenges related to AI technologies, such as data governance and interoperability. These mechanisms can facilitate collaborative research and development efforts, promote joint investments in AI capabilities, and enable states to share resources and expertise. By fostering regional partnerships, countries can collectively address the unique challenges posed by AI in their respective security environments while ensuring compliance with international standards.

Conclusion
Enhancing international cooperation on the responsible use of AI in the military domain requires a multifaceted approach that includes establishing legal frameworks, promoting capacity-building, facilitating knowledge sharing, encouraging cross-sectoral engagement, and building regional cooperation mechanisms. By fostering collaboration among diverse stakeholders, states can ensure that AI technologies are developed and deployed responsibly, in compliance with international law and ethical standards.

A flexible, balanced, and realistic approach to the governance of AI in the military domain is essential for ensuring that AI technologies are developed and used responsibly, while also accommodating the diverse needs and concerns of various stakeholders. Achieving this requires collaboration among states, the private sector, civil society, and international organizations, particularly in forums like Geneva that facilitate dialogue and cooperation.

Meaning of a Flexible, Balanced, and Realistic Approach

1. Flexibility: A flexible approach to the governance of AI in the military domain means adapting regulations and frameworks to the rapidly evolving nature of AI technologies and military operations. This involves being open to modifying existing policies and creating new ones that can respond to unforeseen challenges and opportunities presented by AI advancements. Flexibility allows for innovation while ensuring that ethical and legal standards are maintained.
2. Balance: Balance refers to finding an equilibrium between the need for security and the ethical implications of deploying AI in military contexts. This involves weighing the benefits of AI technologies against potential risks and harms, ensuring that military applications do not undermine humanitarian principles or international law. A balanced approach seeks to integrate diverse perspectives from various stakeholders, including states, civil society, and the private sector, to create a comprehensive governance framework
3. Realism: Realism in this context emphasizes the importance of grounding governance frameworks in practical considerations and the realities of military operations. This means recognizing the limitations of current technologies, the varying capacities of states, and the complex geopolitical landscape. A realistic approach advocates for achievable goals and solutions that can be implemented effectively, rather than idealistic visions that may not be feasible in practice.

Pathways to Achieve This Approach

1. Multilateral Dialogues: Engaging in multilateral dialogues is crucial for fostering collaboration among states and stakeholders. These dialogues can help establish common norms and principles for AI governance, allowing for the sharing of best practices and the harmonization of legal and ethical standards across different regions. Regular forums can facilitate ongoing discussions that adapt to new developments in AI technology and military applications.
2. Capacity Building: Capacity building is essential for equipping states and stakeholders with the necessary knowledge and skills to implement responsible AI practices. This includes training military personnel, policymakers, and industry representatives on ethical AI use and compliance with international law. Collaborative regional training programs and workshops can enhance understanding and operational capabilities, ultimately leading to more robust governance frameworks.
3. Cross-Sectoral Engagement: Encouraging cross-sectoral engagement involves integrating perspectives from various sectors, including industry, civil society, and academia, into the governance of military AI. Multi-stakeholder platforms can facilitate discussions that translate ethical considerations into technical requirements, ensuring that AI systems are developed responsibly. This engagement can also foster innovative solutions to mitigate risks associated with AI technologies in military contexts.
4. Regional Cooperation Mechanisms: Building regional cooperation mechanisms can significantly enhance the governance of AI in the military domain. States can establish working groups focused on specific challenges, such as data governance and interoperability, allowing for collaborative research and development efforts. By pooling resources and expertise, countries can address unique regional security challenges while ensuring compliance with international standards

Role of Geneva
Geneva plays a pivotal role in facilitating international cooperation and dialogue on AI governance in the military domain. As a hub for multilateral negotiations, Geneva can:

• Host Forums for Dialogue
• Support Capacity Building
• Promote Inclusivity

Conclusion
A flexible, balanced, and realistic approach to AI governance in the military domain is essential for navigating the complexities of modern warfare and ensuring compliance with international law. Achieving this requires collaborative efforts among various stakeholders, with Geneva playing a crucial role in facilitating dialogue and cooperation. By prioritizing flexibility, balance, and realism, the international community can develop governance frameworks that effectively address the challenges posed by AI technologies in military applications.

The governance of AI in the military domain is a complex issue that requires coordinated efforts across various UN fora and treaty bodies. These platforms can play a critical role in establishing frameworks that ensure responsible use of AI technologies while promoting complementarity and avoiding duplication of efforts.

Roles of UN Fora and Treaty Bodies

1. Facilitating Multilateral Dialogues:
2. Establishing Normative Frameworks:
3. Enhancing Capacity-Building Initiatives:
4. Promoting Complementarity Among Processes:
5. Addressing Transboundary Challenges:
6. Facilitating Research and Knowledge Exchange:

Conclusion
UN fora and treaty bodies have a vital role to play in the governance of AI in the military domain. By facilitating dialogues, establishing normative frameworks, enhancing capacity-building, promoting complementarity, addressing transboundary challenges, and facilitating research, these platforms can contribute significantly to responsible AI governance. Ensuring that these efforts are coordinated and complementary will be essential for managing the complexities associated with AI technologies in military applications.

Ensuring multistakeholder dialogue and engagement on AI in the military domain is crucial for developing responsible governance frameworks. This dialogue should encompass a variety of stakeholders, including states, industry representatives, civil society, and academia, to foster a comprehensive understanding of the implications of AI technologies in military applications.

Key Strategies for Ensuring Multistakeholder Dialogue

1. Establishing Structured Platforms:
2. Promoting Inclusivity:
3. Capacity-Building Initiatives:
4. Cross-Sectoral Engagement:
5. Regular Consultative Meetings:

What Engagement Should Entail

1. Evidence-Based Discussions:
2. Risk Assessment and Mitigation:
3. Normative Framework Development:
4. Feedback Mechanisms:
5. Awareness Raising:

Conclusion
Multistakeholder dialogue and engagement on AI in the military domain are essential for developing comprehensive and responsible governance frameworks. By implementing structured platforms, promoting inclusivity, and ensuring evidence-based discussions, the international community can effectively address the complexities and challenges posed by AI technologies in military applications.

Progress on risk reduction and confidence-building measures regarding AI in the military domain is essential for ensuring responsible governance and mitigating potential threats associated with military applications of AI. States can adopt various strategies to enhance cooperation and establish frameworks that promote safety and accountability.

Key Strategies for Progressing on Risk Reduction and Confidence Building

1. Political Commitment
2. Multilateral Dialogues
3. Development of Normative Frameworks
4. Capacity-Building Initiatives
5. Regular Consultative Meetings
6. Confidence-Building Measures

Conclusion
By implementing these strategies, states can make significant progress in risk reduction and confidence-building measures regarding AI in the military domain. A collaborative approach that emphasizes political commitment, multilateral dialogue, and capacity-building will be essential for addressing the complexities and challenges posed by AI technologies in military applications.

Advancing capacity development efforts is crucial for enabling broad participation in discussions on responsible AI in the military domain and its future governance. By fostering an inclusive environment, states and stakeholders can better address the complexities and challenges posed by AI technologies in military applications.

Key Strategies for Advancing Capacity Development

1. Investment in Education and Training
2. Establishment of Formalized Processes for Information Sharing
3. Inclusive Multistakeholder Engagement
4. Capacity-Building Initiatives for Developing Countries
5. Regular Consultative Meetings and Workshops
6. Promoting Cross-Sectoral Collaboration

Conclusion
To advance capacity development efforts for broad participation in discussions on responsible AI in the military domain, it is essential to invest in education, establish inclusive platforms for engagement, and foster collaboration across sectors. By implementing these strategies, states can create an environment conducive to meaningful dialogue and effective governance of AI technologies in military applications.

Capacity building for responsible AI in the military domain is essential to ensure that all stakeholders can effectively participate in discussions and governance. This includes not only technical training but also broader efforts to enhance understanding, collaboration, and resource sharing among nations.

Key Forms of Capacity Building Needed

1. Education and Training Programs
2. Technical Literacy Initiatives
3. Public-Private Partnerships
4. Regional and Thematic Working Groups
5. Joint Investment Frameworks

Advancing International Cooperation through:

1. Multilateral Dialogues
2. Shared Knowledge Platforms
3. Capacity Development Network
4. Collaborative Data Pools
5. Cross-Domain Training

Conclusion
To effectively build capacity for responsible AI in the military domain, a multifaceted approach is necessary. This includes education, public-private partnerships, regional cooperation, and international dialogues. By advancing these efforts collaboratively, states can ensure that all stakeholders are equipped to participate meaningfully in discussions on AI governance.

The discussion on AI governance in the military domain is intricately linked to various other AI governance processes, including scientific panels and international cooperation frameworks. These connections are crucial for establishing comprehensive governance mechanisms that address the unique challenges posed by AI technologies in military applications.

Relevance of Other AI Governance Processes

1. Scientific Panels: Scientific panels can play a crucial role in the governance of AI in the military domain by providing an independent and expert analysis of AI technologies and their implications. Such panels can issue reports that survey AI capabilities, opportunities, risks, and uncertainties, helping to create a common understanding among member states. This is particularly important in addressing the complexities of AI, where timely and reliable scientific knowledge is essential for informed policymaking. An independent panel could also identify areas where further research is needed, thus guiding future governance efforts.
2. Multilateral Dialogues: Multilateral dialogues are essential for fostering collaboration among states and other stakeholders regarding military AI governance. These dialogues can establish common norms and principles that reflect diverse perspectives, helping to harmonize approaches to AI technologies across different regions. By creating platforms for ongoing discussions, the UN can facilitate the exchange of best practices and ensure that governance frameworks are responsive to the evolving landscape of AI in military applications.
3. Capacity-Building Initiatives: Capacity-building initiatives are vital for equipping states with the knowledge and skills necessary to implement responsible AI practices in the military domain. These initiatives can include training programs for military personnel and policymakers, enhancing technical literacy and ethical understanding. By investing in education and training, states can ensure that stakeholders are prepared to address the challenges posed by AI technologies, leading to more effective governance frameworks.
4. Public-Private Partnerships: Public-private partnerships can enhance the governance of AI in the military domain by fostering collaboration between governments and industry. These partnerships can facilitate the sharing of technical expertise and resources, ensuring that AI technologies are developed and deployed responsibly. Engaging industry representatives in governance discussions allows for the integration of practical insights into policymaking, helping to align military objectives with ethical considerations.
5. Information Sharing Frameworks: Establishing robust information-sharing frameworks is critical for the governance of AI in the military domain. These frameworks can enable states to exchange knowledge and best practices, facilitating a deeper understanding of the technical and ethical challenges associated with AI. By formalizing processes for information sharing, states can ensure that governance approaches are grounded in collective learning and that they address the transboundary nature of AI technologies.

Conclusion
The relevance of other AI governance processes, such as scientific panels, multilateral dialogues, and capacity-building initiatives, is significant for discussions on AI in the military domain. By leveraging these processes, states can enhance their governance frameworks, ensuring that military AI applications are developed and deployed responsibly and ethically. This interconnected approach will help address the multifaceted challenges posed by AI technologies in military settings.